Hi @sebi welcome to the /e/ forum and thank you for a nice report!
Difficulties with usb cable can extend though the whole USB chain, usb hubs (avoid) usb secondary ports (that is front port rather than sometimes soldered to motherboard rear port), even the PC itself might contain hardware not recogised for some reason. Did you already find Easy Installer - FAQ.
As you mention a language issue, this makes me think of a Samsung Region Lock. This might show up as Prenormal on your Odin mode screen. It is also described here Know your hardware - Samsung.
The log, found with the help of Howto troubleshoot issues with the easy-installer, is expected to show whether TWRP was flashed successfully.
You might try to research if you have the correct stock ROM for your device, and whether Odin might be able to re flash the Stock ROM.