Do you mean after the bootloader gets unlocked or is it before?
Ok so I got it resolved, thanks to @Lightning for pointing me into the right direction and also to @aibd for the provided link to bypass root for fastboot. After putting my user into the plugdev user group and creating the udev rule for my device I was able to use the /e/OS Installer including locking the bootloader afterwards. I even didnāt need to use Android Flash Tool.
But I cannot confirm that this would have had an effect on the manual āfastboot flashing lockā error I got since I didnāt try it again after the group changes.
Before starting the /e/OS Installer-installation.
If the installer cannot invoke adb and fastboot with user privileges, it will fail.
I am just testing it, donāt have actual installation to do.
For me the āhandshakeā gets lost after unlocking and and rebooting again into bootloader. I think it is step 12. Is that āuser privilegeā problem Windows and others?