No, You might experiment with adb root then adb shell but I can ls without root and find my stuff in /sdcard.
Even a Factory reset is not expected to delete data from an Externally installed, that is Portable SD card.
However if the card was installed as Internal, this has been reported to be the cause of difficulties at Upgrade and the card may not be readable out of the device. Some explanation on this subject ✏ A little guide to... using SD cards - Guides - Fairphone Community Forum.
Do you think your SD card was installed as Internal?
If you return the SD card to the phone, does it affect your ability to read /sdcard with adb?
What version is shown In e-Recovery?
Different phone, but I suggest you compare your experience with what we are seeing in this thread Need help - S7 freezes all the time
One would expect delivered for the Samsung Galaxy S9 the following
Nougat (A7) -> Q (A10)
Oreo (A8) -> Q (A10)
Q (A10) -> R(A11)
R (A11) -> S(A12)
I assume at some stage you missed an OTA Upgrade, lets say it was Android 10 (Q) - Android 11 (R) missed. Lets say then the phone receives the offer of Android 11 (R) to Android 12 (S). This is only capable of upgrading from Android 11 (R), but in our assumption your phone is still on Android 10 (Q); this seems to have become an impossible situation.
While in the thread linked above I tried to experiment with a “reconstruction”, maybe that is just to hard and the easier thing would be to Revert Samsung Device to stock ROM on Windows PC then start again. This method results in loss of all data on the phone. So getting some data off the phone is probably a priority for you.